Epidemiologia e avaliação de risco associado à presença de ácaros hematófagos em galpões de granjas avícolas de postura / [Epidemiological and risk assessment associated with the presence of hematophagous mites in poultry farms]

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a epidemiologia da presença de ácaros hematófagos em granjas de postura no estado de Minas Gerais. Foi utilizado um banco de dados secundário, com informações de 402 galpões de 42 propriedades comerciais. As variáveis utilizadas para compor o modelo de correspondência foram selecionadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado (P≤0,05). Foi construído um índice para a presença de ácaros hematófagos, considerando alguns fatores de risco. Além disso, um estudo da análise espacial foi realizado para avaliar a presença de ácaros hematófagos em Minas Gerais. Observou-se a presença de ácaros hematófagos em 48% dos galpões, sendo a de O. sylviarum de 45,5%, O. bursa de 17,4% e D. gallinae de 2,7%. Houve associação entre o índice de risco com os intervalos de remoção de fezes e com a presença ou a ausência de aves sinantrópicas. Verificou-se que granjas mais tecnificadas não utilizam acaricida em seus galpões. A presença de ácaros hematófagos foi observada na mesorregião Sul/Sudoeste de Minas Gerais e entre as mesorregiões Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Esses resultados fornecem conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia desses ectoparasitos e podem contribuir na tomada de decisões, reduzindo os riscos de possíveis infestações em aves de postura.(AU)

This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of the presence of hematophagous mites in posture farms in the state of Minas Gerais. Was used a secondary database with information from 402 chicken houses in 42 commercial properties. The variables used to compose the correspondence model were selected through chi-square tests (P≤0.05). A risk index was built to the presence of hematophagous mites considering some risk factors. Additionally, a study of the spatial analysis was done to evaluate the presence of hematophagous mites in Minas Gerais. Was observed the presence of hematophagous mites in 48% of chicken houses, the presence of O. sylviarum was 45.5%, O. bursa 17.4% and D. gallinae 2.7%. There was an association between the risk index with the intervals for the removal of manure and the presence or absence of synanthropic birds. It was verified that more technified farms do not use acaricide in their chicken houses. The presence of hematophagous mites was observed in the Messoregions South/Southwest of Minas Gerais and between the West and Metropolitan Mesoregion of Belo Horizonte. These results provide knowledge about the epidemiology of these ectoparasites and may contribute to decision making by reducing the risks of possible infestations in poultry.(AU)

Ação de diferentes sanitizantes em biofilmes de Salmonella Minnesota / Action of different sanitizers in biofilmes of Salmonella Minnesota

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do contato por 15 minutos do hipoclorito de sódio 1%, e ácido peracético 0,8% na inibição de biofilmes formad os por três cepas distintas de Salmonella Minnesota em aço, poliuretano e polipropileno e determinar a recuperação das células remanescentes. Qualitativamente houve influência na classificação dos biofilmes de acordo com a superfície, que foram diferentes dependendo do tipo de cepa e de material, porém a quantidade de células sésseis permanece constante, pois independente da cepa e da superfície, os biofilmes mantiveram uma contagem de 5,18 Log UFC, indicando que as diferenças referem-se à matriz polimérica. O uso do hipoclorito foi capaz de destruir as células, que não foram recuperadas após reincubação. Já o ácido peracético não promoveu redução significativa. O uso do hipoclorito de sódio 1% é eficiente na sua remoção.

Epidemiological characterization and risk evaluation associated with the presence of Phthirapterain poultry farms from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Phthirapteraare lice highly adapted to living as permanent and obligatory ectoparasites of birds and mammals. High infestations by biting lice contribute to the low productivity, loss quality of the eggs, besides weight decrease of chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and to characterize the risks involved with the presence of biting lice in laying chicken from Minas Gerais, Brazil, throught a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). A secondary database with information regarding 402 chicken houses from 42 properties of laying hens from the same region was used and adapted for this study. The variables that composed the correspondence model were selected through Chi-square tests (p ≤ 0.05). A risk index was designed to relate the presence of biting lice out of variables such as risk factors related to the presence of these ectoparasites. The MCA graphic designed to conduct the epidemiological characterization of the presence of biting lice presented a Chi-square accumulated value of 53.59%. There was an association between the risk index and the synanthropic birds, subsistence hens, presence of lice and other ectoparasites in shelters and ectoparasites control. These results provide knowledge about the Phthirapteraepidemiology. Besides that, this information may contribute to the decision-making process in order to reduce the risk of possible infestations in poultry farms and the negative effects of the infestations.

Prevalence of Salmonella Organisms in Poultry and Poultry Environments in Jamaica.

Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp contamination in the Jamaican poultry industry and its environments. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 farms across 6 Jamaican parishes were selected for this study. A total of 6693 specimens from animals and the environment were investigated for the presence of Salmonella spp. All specimens were placed in an igloo with ice packs and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Bacteriological media obtained from Difco Laboratories Detroit MI U.S.A were used for the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. Salmonella serological typing was performed to determine the Salmonella serovar by standard procedures. Results: This study revealed a low prevalence of Salmonella contamination/infection in both small and large entities in the poultry industry in Jamaica. The overall prevalence was 1 % (79 positive out of 6693 specimens). However, a higher prevalence of Salmonella was observed in the case of those operations which practiced “organic” poultry farming. It was shown that two Salmonella serovars including Augustenborg and Kentucky, identified during the study, are newly reported serovars in Jamaica. The sources of Salmonella infection varied from poultry itself to other species, such as rodents, pigs and insects. Improper disposal of broken eggs, wet bedding and other fomites contributed to Salmonella contamination. Conclusions: The results of the study indicate possibility of salmonellosis (zoonosis) in Jamaica, although the prevalence of Salmonella spp was low, and the need for improved quality of the food industry, animal care and human health to prevent salmonellosis.

Eficiência de um novo inseticida comercial para o controle do cascudinho dos aviários (Alphitobius diaperinus) (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / Effectiveness of a new commercial insecticide for the control of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar em condições de laboratório e campo, a eficiência de um inseticida Teste (à base de cipermetrina, clorpirifós e citronela), no controle do cascudinho dos aviários (Alphitobius diaperinus). Em laboratório, o produto foi testado sobre insetos adultos, por meio de pulverização sobre os insetos (contato direto) e caminhamento sobre superfície tratada (contato indireto). Posteriormente, foi avaliado em condições de campo, em um aviário de frangos de corte. O produto foi eficiente, sendo comparável ao produto padrão, causando 100% de mortalidade em laboratório e reduzindo a população do aviário em 76%. Assim, o produto constitui-se em uma alternativa para o controle do cascudinho.

The present study was carried out with the objective to evaluate, under laboratory and field conditions, the effectiveness of the insecticide Test (based on cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and citronellal), for the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). In the laboratory, the product was tested on adult insects, by spraying on the insects (direct contact) and by their walking on a treated surface (indirect contact). After this, it was evaluated in field conditions, in a poultry house. The product was effective, being comparable to the standard product, causing 100% of mortality in the laboratory and reducing the population in the poultry house by 76%. Thus, the product presents an alternative for the control of this pest.

Resistência à ivermectina em populações de Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) provenientes de granjas de galinhas poedeiras / Resistance to ivermectin in populations of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) from poultry farms

Bioensaios concentração-resposta foram realizados com o objetivo de estudar o efeito larvicida e detectar possível resistência à ivermectina em dez populações de M. domestica provenientes de granjas de galinhas poedeiras. Para tal finalidade, o meio de cultura para larvas foi tratado com diferentes concentrações de ivermectina (0,015; 0,03; 0,06; 0,125; 0,25 e 0,5 ppm). Atividade larvicida da ivermectina e anomalias nas pupas foram detectadas. A população mais resistente à ivermectina foi Monte Mor, SP (CL= 0,262 ppm e FR= 13,1). As populações de Campinas, SP (CL= 0,141 ppm 50 50 e FR = 7,1), Promissão, SP (CL= 0,110 ppm e FR = 5,5), Santa Cruz da Conceição, SP (CL= 0,102 50 50 ppm e FR = 5,1), Holambra, SP (CL= 0,071 ppm e FR = 3,6) e Hortolândia, SP (CL= 0,068 ppm e 50 50 FR = 3,4) foram mais resistentes que as de Sumaré, SP (CL= 0,052 ppm e FR = 2,6), Sarapuí, SP (CL 50 50 = 0,050 ppm e FR = 2,5) e Itanhandu, MG (CL50 = 0,047 ppm e FR = 2,4). A população mais susceptível à ivermectina foi Grande Porto Alegre, RS (CL50 = 0,020 ppm e FR = 1,0). Os resultados indicam que a ivermectina pode ser eficaz contra larvas deM. domestica. Entretanto, resistência foi suspeitada em algumas das populações, sendo importante a realização de novos estudos nesses locais.

Larvicidal effect and resistance to ivermectin in 10 populations of Musca domestica from poultry farms was evaluated by concentration-response bioassays. For this purpose, the larval growth medium was treated with different concentrations of ivermectin (0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 ppm). As a result, larvicidal activity of ivermectin was observed and some anomalies were detected in pupae. The population from Monte Mor, SP, was the most resistant to ivermectin (LC50 = 0.262 ppm and RF = 13.1). Fly populations from Campinas, SP (LC50 = 0.141 ppm and RF = 7.1), Promissão, SP (LC50 = 0.110 ppm and RF = 5.5), Santa Cruz da Conceição, SP (LC50 = 0.102 ppm and RF = 5.1), Holambra, SP (LC50 = 0.071 ppm and RF = 3.6) and Hortolândia, SP (LC50 = 0.068 ppm and RF = 3.4) were more resistant than the ones from Sumaré, SP (LC50 = 0.052 ppm and RF = 2.6), Sarapuí, SP (LC50 = 0.050 ppm and RF = 2.5), and Itanhandu, MG (LC50 = 0.047 ppm and RF = 2.4). The population most susceptible to ivermectin was that from Grande Porto Alegre, RS (LC50 = 0.020 ppm and RF = 1.0). The results indicate that ivermectin can be effective against larvae ofM. domestica. However, since resistance was suspected in some of the populations studied, it is important to carry out new studies in these places.

Parasitos de los animales domésticos en Chile / Parasites of domestic animals in Chile

An up-to-date list of the parasites that have been identified in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, chickens and pigeons in Chile, according to the studies performed at the University of Chile and other universities and institutes

Prevalence of trichomonas gallinae from the upper digestive tract of the common pigeon, columba livia in the southern Brazilian State, Rio Grande do Sul

Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta, 1878) is a parasitic protozoan of the upper digestive tract and various organs of different avian groups, being common among the columbids, was isolated described and its prevalence studies in the southern brazilian state, Rio Grande do Sul. The morphology study of the live speciemens done by examinations of fresh and stained specimens, showed that the T. gallinae isolated has the same morphological characteristics as the upper digestive tract trichomonads previously described by other authors

Parasitismo de leucocitos y trombocitos de gallus gallus l. por plasmodium (novyella) juxtanucleare (apicomplexa: plasmodiidae) / Parasitism of leukocytes and thrombocytes of gallus gallus L. by plasmodium (novyella) juxtanucleare (apicomplexa: plasmodiidae)

Se realizó un investigación del parasitismo de plasmodium juxtanucleare en gallinas sin razas definida, provenientes de criaderos rústicos en el municipio de Seropédica, estado de Río de Janeiro, de Brasil. Se realizaron frotis sanguíneo periféricos, los cuales fuero coloreados con giemsa diluido en tampón sorensen pH6,8. En el examen hemoscópico se puede observar en aves con alto índice de (< 10 por ciento ) formas parasitarias de trofozoítas y esquizontes en el citoplasma de células de la línea leucocitica y trofozoítas en células de la línea trombocítica. Las observaciones en el presente estudio hacen inferir que la cepa de P. juxtanuclear que ocurre en Seropédica realiza esquizogonia fanerozóica. Este trabajo constituye el primer hallazgo de formas de P. juxtanucleares en leucocitos

Heterakiosis en numida meleagris: aves: numididae / Heterakiosis in numida meleagris: aves: numididae

A case of caecum nematodiasis is described in a guinea fowl (Numida melagris) from the Municipal Zoo, Presidencia Roque Saenz Peña (Chaco) Argentina. Nematodes obtained from the caecum were observed in optic microscopy. According to their morphometric characteristics and location in the definitive host, were identified as belonging to the family heterakidae, species Heterakis gallinarum, (Schrank, 1788) Maden, 1949

Levaduras asociadas con el hábitat natural de Histoplasma capsulatum en Guerrero, México / Yeasts associated to natural habitat of Histoplasma capsulatum in Guerrero, Mexico

Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, primero que sobre el tema se ha realizado en México, se registran las especies de levaduras encontradas en diferentes sustratos colectados en espacios cerrados y abiertos (que representan los nichos ecológicos en que se desarrolla Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum). Material y métodos: Los sustratos a partir de los cuales se hizo el aislamiento de levaduras se obtuvieron en distintas localidades de los municipios de Quechultenango y Olinalá, en el estado de Guerrero. Resultados y discusión: De guano de murciélago muestreado en grutas y cuevas se aislaron Candida Catenulata, C. ciferrii, C famata, C. guillermondii y Rhodotorula spp.; del suelo de una mina únicamente se aisló C. ciferril. Las especies C. albicans, C. ciferrii y C. tropicalis se aislaron de suelo con excretas de gallináceas, y C. famata, Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus, Trichosporon beigelii t Trichosporon spp. de suelo con excretas de gallo. Del intestino de murciélagos insectívoros únicamente se aisló C. famata, y, de murciélagos polinívoros C. lipolytica, Cr. abidus var. albidus y Trichosporon spp. De cada una de estas especies se mencionan sus características distintivas, así como los diferentes ambientes y sustratos de los cuales han sido aisladas

Hongos filamentosos asociados con el hábitat natural de Histoplasma capsulatum en Guerrero, México / Filamentous fungi associated to natural habitat of Histoplasma capsulatum in Guerrero, Mexico

Objetivo: Se determinaron los hongos filamentosos asociados a los ambientes y sustratos de donde se ha aislado Histoplasma capsulatum, a partir de muestras de guano e intestino de murciélagos, así como de excretas de aves de corral Material y métodos: Las muestras procedieron de varias grutas y otras localidades de Guerrero, México, principalmentes de juxtlahuaca y Olinalá. Resultados y discusión: Del guano de murciélago se aislaron, además de H. capsulatum, ascomicetas como Aphanoascus fulvescens, Gymnascella citrina, Gymnoascus dankaliensis (Onygenales) y Cheatomidium fimeti (Sordariales); Hongos conidiales, como Aspergillus flavo-furcatis, A. terreus, A. terreus var. aureus, varias especies no determinadas de Penicillium, Malbranchea aurantiaca y Sporothrix sp. De las excretas de gallo de pelea se aisló Phoma sp. Del intestino de murciélagos insectívoros, hematófagos, nectarívoros y frugívoros se aislaron varias especies de hongos conidiales, como Aspergillus candidus, A. flavofurcatis, A. sulphureus, A. sydowii, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Apergillus sp., M. aurantiaca, Gliomastis murorum y Scopulariopsis sp.; y sólo un ascomicete, Ch. fimeti. Se comentan ciertas propiedades biológicas de los hongos encontrados, la mayoría de ellos registrados por primera vez por estos sustratos y ambientes en México

Malaria aviaria en un país de la región neotropical: Venezuela / Malaria aviaria a country of the neotropical region: Venezuela

El libro que hoy presentamos con el apoyo de la Fundación Venezolana de la Salud y el Fondo Editorial Interfundaciones, es una obra virtualmente inédita del Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón, ya que aunque fue presentada en la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, con motivo de su incorporación, durante los últimos años de su vida la corrigió extensamente. En ella define la infraestructura de su pensamiento la diversidad de campos de acción en materia de salud y educación y las bases metodológicas e investigativas que lo llevaron a plasmar en una definitiva contribución al desarrollo de los procesos de salud en Venezuela

Sarna EM agapornis causada por megninia cubitalis, (acarina, analgidae) e seu tratamento / Depluming itch in agapornis caused by megninia cubitalis (acarina; analgidae) and its treatment

Se estandarizó la reacción de polimerización en cadena (PCR) para el diagnóstico parasitológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Se determinó condiciones de estandarización de DNA, así como las concentraciones óptimas de dNTPs, partidores, Taq DNA polimerasa y las condiciones de termociclación. Se determino que el ensayo es capaz de amplificar hasta 100 fg de DNa templado de Trypanosoma cruzi, con una sensibilidad diagnóstica de 2 x 10-² parásitos/ml. Los productos de PCR amplificados demostraron ser específicos mediante ensayos de hibridación con una sonda de DNA kinetoplastídico de T. cruzi

Penetración de Salmonella enteriditis a través de huevos fértiles e infértiles sometidos a diferentes estadios de incubación / Salmonella enteritidis penetration in fertile and infertile chicken eggs at progressive stages of incubation

Se evaluó la penetración de Salmonella enteritidis fagotipo 13, realizada mediante la inoculación experimental en la cutícula de huevos fértiles e infértiles provenientes de gallinas Babcock B-300 de 59 semanas de edad y libres de Salmonella sp. El estudio fue realizado a los 8, 12 y 16 días de incubación. Se estudió la penetración de la bacteria dentro de las tres áreas del cascarón después de 24 h de incubación a 37.7ºC. Hacia los 8 días de incubación, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los huevos fértiles e infértiles en todas las áreas estudiadas (P> 0.05); sin embargo, así hubo diferencias en los huevos fértiles que fueron penetrados (P< 0.05) a los 12 y 16 días de incubación, lo cual indica que el desarrollo embrionario retarda considerablemente la susceptibilidad a la invasión por Salmonella. La penetración a través de la cutícula fue similar en ambos huevos, en contraste con la marcada diferencia observada en las estructuras más internas. Los resultados indican que los hevos incubables no fértiles pueden ser considerados más susceptibles a la penetración por Salmonella que en aquellas que están en desarrollo embrionario

Prevalence of thermotolerant species of Campylobacter and their biotypes in children and domestic birds and dogs in southern Chile

Foi determinada, no Sul do Chile, a prevalencia de especies termotolerantes de Campylobacter e seus biotipos, em criancas normais e diarreicas, bem como em caes e aves domesticas. Campylobacter fa isolado em 34,5 por cento do total das amostras estudadas sendo sua frequencia de isolamento de 16,3 por cento e 6,4 por cento nas criancas com diarreia e normais, respectivamente.C.jejuni foi a especie mais frequente. Porem, C. coli foi isolado em 29 por cento das criancas com diarreia. Somente os biotipos I e II, tanto de C. jejuni como de C. coli, foram isolados das criancas, os quais tambem foram os mais frequentemente encontrados nos animais, sugerindo uma possivel associacao epidemiologica entre eles.

Some morphobiological studies on the early developmental stages of heterakis gallinarum [Schrank, 1788]

The morphology of 1st and 2nd stage larvae of Heterakis gallinarum removed from their egg shells was described. It has been experimentally proved that embryonated eggs containing first stage larvae did not hatch in the infested chicks. The hatched 2nd stage larvae were found at the distal third of the small intestine. It was noticed that these larvae having marked increase in size, morphological alteration and rapid sexual development in comparison with those obtained from the embryonated eggs mechanically

Pigeon, duck and chicken ileal loop response to E coli isolated from pigeons, turkeys, ducks, and chicken

A total of 257 E. Coli isolates were recovered from blood and/ or internal organs of 250 pigeons, 128 turkeys and 100 ducks with septicaemic manifestations. 137 E. Coli isolates could be serotyped. In pigeons, there were 86 E. Coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 1,2,11,22,22,29,48,53,99,101,110,116,119,123,126,147 and 156 in turkeys they were 31 E. coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 1,2,11,17,29,53,79,86,99 and 111 and in ducks they were 20 E. coli isolates belonging to the O-groups 11,17,22,71,86,99,11,119,137 and 157. It was succeeded to carry out the ileal loop test for determination of the enterotoxicity of E. coli in pigeons, ducks and chickens using E. coli isolates recovered. From these birds. Chickens were also found to be suitable for testing E. coli isolated from pigeons, turkeys and ducks. Distention of the ileal loops was achieved by 24.6% of the tested 65 isolates. On the other hand 69.2% of the isolates caused congestion and haemorrhages when their bacteria-free filtrates were injected in 10 days old chicken embryos. The oral administration of live bacterial suspensions of 10 E. coli O-groups caused diarrhoea of live bacterial suspensions of 10 E.coli O-groups caused diarrhoea in all chickens used in the experiment. The mortality rate varied between 0 and 80%